前言
批判性思考(Critical Thinking)已經紅很久了,不過,似乎還是不少人對這個名詞的內涵不是很清楚,加上許多讀者希望看到普及版,那筆者就獻醜了。
開頭要先聲明,本系列設定的針對受眾,一是會上網路看文章的成年人,但完全沒有大學以上的訓練;對於大學以上的讀者,主要是針對「理工背景」,並假設「人社背景」的朋友,經過多年已經忘得差不多的前提。所以,難易度會拉的很低,範例不會舉很多,真的想深入學習的,坊間賣的書很多,挑一本好好讀完,收穫會比看筆者的簡易版多很多。
什麼是批判性思考?一般而言分為「技巧性」跟「實質性」,技巧性指的是你是否在閱讀或寫作時,就時時使用技巧去分析,實用性泛指你雖不會提出各種分析,但敘事寫作上就已經是了。
筆者這篇比較偏重技巧性的分析,並用一些例子稍加說明;實質性的訓練,要經年累月才能養成。讀者若不是很能理解,那麼就以理工相關科系的碩博論文寫作為例子,正常的養成訓練,你得要先「觀察現象、發掘問題、提出解決的假設、針對提問進行實驗、歸納整理結果」。
是的,這就是國中生物第一堂課就會教的「觀察、提問、假設、實驗、結論」,科學方法的入門。
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全文連結https://vocus.cc/eoiss/60db5056fd897800019a5470
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這是在樹洞答應後,被人敲碗的結果。
文後還是得強調,坊間的書很多,隨便買一本好好讀完或是練習完,都會比看我寫的簡介版收穫更多。
不過我這個短系列四篇,會著重在網路文章上,沒針對一般的書籍,能出版的書籍,大多可以自證,單純就結構來說很少出錯。
總而言之,批判性思考不是非常難的東西,但由於名稱本身常給人誤解,以為重批判而不重創造,這是錯的。我個人認為,後設認知的部分是重點,只是能思考自己的思考,真的很不簡單。
同時也有10000部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル,也在其Youtube影片中提到,...
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critical thinking例子 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[翻轉視界 8]逃離禁錮之地:離開北韓我學會自由與憐憫
“If you don't know the words, that means you don't understand the concept, and therefore, you don't even realize that concept is even a possibility.” —— human rights activist Yeonmi Park。
「如果你不知道某些詞彙,那就意味著你並不了解某些概念,因此你也不會意識到,那些概念可以是一種可能。」——人權鬥士朴延美
對出逃前的她而言,自由與溫飽是很奢侈的理念,更無法了解「愛」的全貌。當我們無法得知世界發生了什麼,無法想像那超越自身認知的世界,我們便無法真正地同理他人。今天我想邀請大家,以不同的角度,重新感受自由、溫飽與愛的可貴。
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I was born in 1993 in the northern part of North Korea, in a town called Hyesan, which is on the border with China. I had loving parents and one older sister. Before I was even 10 years old, my father was sent to a labor camp for engaging in illegal trading. Now, by "illegal trading" -- he was selling clogs, sugar, rice and later copper to feed us. In 2007, my sister and I decided to escape. She was 16 years old, and I was 13 years old.
1. on the border with 鄰近邊界
2. labor camp 勞改營
3. illegal trading 非法的交易
1993年我出生在北韓的北部,一個名叫惠山的小鎮,鄰近中國邊界。我有愛我的父母與一位姐姐。在我10歲大的時候,父親就被送去勞改營,因為他非法買賣一些東西。所謂的非法買賣,其實他是賣一些木鞋、糖、米,之後還賣了銅,只為了餵飽我們。2007年,姐姐和我決定逃跑。她當時16歲,而我13歲。
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I need you to understand what the word "escape" means in the context of North Korea. We were all starving, and hunger means death in North Korea. So it was the only option for us. I didn't even understand the concept of escape, but I could see the lights from China at night, and I wondered if I go where the light is, I might be able to find a bowl of rice. It's not like we had a grand plan or maps. We did not know anything about what was going to happen. Imagine your apartment building caught fire. I mean, what would you do? Would you stay there to be burned, or would you jump off out of the window and see what happens? That's what we did. We jumped out of the house instead of the fire.
4. in the context of 在⋯⋯的情境中
5. concept 概念;觀念;思想
6. a grand plan 一個遠大的計畫
7. catch fire 著火
你們要知道,「逃跑」這兩字在北韓意味著什麼。我們天天挨餓,而飢餓在北韓意味著死亡。所以逃跑是我們唯一的選擇。我當時還不了解逃跑是什麼意思,但晚上我能看見中國那邊的燈光,我想著如果我能到有光的地方,也許就能找到一碗飯。我們沒有什麼遠大的計畫或地圖。我們完全不知道,接下來會發生什麼事。想像一下,你的公寓失火了,你會怎麼辦?你會坐以待斃,還是跳窗然後再看著辦?我們就是那樣。我們從大樓上跳了下來, 而不是等火燒上來。
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North Korea is unimaginable. It's very hard for me when people ask me what it feels like to live there. To be honest, I tell you: you can't even imagine it. The words in any language can't describe, because it's a totally different planet, as you cannot imagine your life on Mars right now. For example, the word "love" has only one meaning: love for the Dear Leader. There's no concept of romantic love in North Korea. And if you don't know the words, that means you don't understand the concept, and therefore, you don't even realize that concept is even a possibility.
8. unimaginable 無法想像
9. no concept of... 沒有⋯的概念
10. romantic love 浪漫愛
北韓是難以想像的。對我來說,要回答住在北韓是什麼感覺,非常困難。老實說,我可以告訴各位——你無從想像。沒有任何語言可以描述,因為那是個截然不同的星球,就像你現在無法想像自己在火星上的生活一樣。比如說,「愛」只有一個意思:愛偉大的領袖。在北韓沒有那種浪漫之愛的概念。如果你不知道某些詞彙,那就意味著你並不了解某些概念,因此你也不會意識到,那些概念可以是一種可能。
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Let me give you another example. Growing up in North Korea, we truly believed that our Dear Leader is an almighty god who can even read my thoughts. I was even afraid to think in North Korea. We are told that he's starving for us, and he's working tirelessly for us, and my heart just broke for him. When I escaped to South Korea, people told me that he was actually a dictator, he had cars, many, many resorts, and he had an ultraluxurious life. And then I remember looking at a picture of him, realizing for the first time that he is the largest guy in the picture. And it hit me. Finally, I realized he wasn't starving. But I was never able to see that before, until someone told me that he was fat.
11. an almighty god 一個全能的神
12. tirelessly 不屈不撓地;堅忍地
13. a dictator 獨裁者
14. it hit me 突然想到、意識到 
15. resort 度假地(此處係指北韓獨裁者有很多度假別墅)
16. ultraluxurious 極其奢華的
17. have a…life 過著⋯⋯的生活
讓我再舉一個例子。在北韓長大,我們真心相信我們偉大的領袖是全能的神,他甚至能看穿我在想什麼。我在北韓甚至不敢思考。我們聽說他為我們挨餓、不眠不休地為我們工作,而我為此感到心痛。我逃到南韓後,有人跟我說他其實是獨裁者,他有很多車、很多很多渡假別墅,他的生活極為奢華。我記得自己看著一張有他的照片,第一次意識到他是照片裡體型最大的那個。這件事讓我大受打擊。那時我才終於了解,他沒有挨餓。但我以前總無法看清這些,直到有人跟我說他很胖,我才恍然大悟。
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Really, someone had to teach me that he was fat. If you have never practiced critical thinking, then you simply see what you're told to see. The biggest question also people ask me is: "Why is there no revolution inside North Korea? Are we dumb? Why is there no revolution for 70 years of this oppression?" And I say: If you don't know you're a slave, if you don't know you're isolated or oppressed, how do you fight to be free? I mean, if you know you're isolated, that means you are not isolated. Not knowing is the true definition of isolation, and that's why I never knew I was isolated when I was in North Korea. I literally thought I was in the center of the universe.
18. critical thinking 批判性思考
19. revolution 革命
20. dumb 愚蠢的*
21. oppression 壓迫;壓制;欺壓
22. isolated and oppressed 與世隔絕的與被壓迫的
真的,要有人教我,他這樣叫做胖。如果你沒學過批判性思考,你看到的就只會是別人跟你說的。其他人對我提出的大哉問還有:「為何北韓沒有革命?我們傻嗎?為何歷經70年的壓迫,卻沒人發動革命?」我回答:「如果你不知道自己是奴隸,不知道自己被與世隔絕、壓迫,你要如何為自由而戰?我的意思是,如果你知道自己被與世隔絕,那就表示你並非真的與世隔絕。與世隔絕的真正定義是無知,所以我從不知道,在北韓的我與世隔絕。我真的以為我們是宇宙的中心。
*dumb: https://bit.ly/3fG5XOk
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So here is my idea worth spreading: a lot of people think humans inherently know what is right and wrong, the difference between justice and injustice, what we deserve and we don't deserve. I tell them: BS. Everything, everything must be taught, including compassion. If I see someone dying on the street right now, I will do anything to save that person. But when I was in North Korea, I saw people dying and dead on the streets. I felt nothing. Not because I'm a psychopath, but because I never learned the concept of compassion. Only, I felt compassion, empathy and sympathy in my heart after I learned the word "compassion" and the concept, and I feel them now.
23. inherently 與生俱來地
24. justice and injustice 正義與不義
25. psychopath 精神病患者
26. compassion, empathy and sympathy 憐憫、同理與同情*
我覺得值得分享的想法是:很多人以為,人類生來就能分辨是非對錯,懂得正義與邪惡的差別,我們值得被怎樣對待。我跟他們說:放屁。所有的事,所有的事都得經過教導,包含憐憫。如果我現在看見有人在路邊奄奄一息,我會不顧一切來救他。但我在北韓的時候,會眼睜睜看著有人橫死街頭,卻沒有任何感覺。並非因為我是心理病態,而是我從未學過憐憫的概念。只有在我的內心感受到憐憫、同理與同情,我才學會「憐憫」一詞與其概念,而如今我已能感受到這些。
*compassion: a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for the suffering or bad luck of others and a wish to help them
empathy: the ability to share someone else's feelings or experiences by imagining what it would be like to be in that person's situation
sympathy: (an expression of) understanding and care for someone else's suffering
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Now I live in the United States as a free person.
現在我以自由人的身分住在美國。
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And recently, the leader of the free country, our President Trump, met with my former god. And he decided human rights is not important enough to include in his agendas, and he did not talk about it. And it scares me. We live in a world right now where a dictator can be praised for executing his uncle, for killing his half brother, killing thousands of North Koreans. And that was worthy of praise. And also it made me think: perhaps we all need to be taught something new about freedom now. Freedom is fragile. I don't want to alarm you, but it is. It only took three generations to make North Korea into George Orwell's "1984." It took only three generations. If we don't fight for human rights for the people who are oppressed right now who don't have a voice, as free people here, who will fight for us when we are not free? Machines? Animals? I don't know.
27. agenda 議程
28. be praised for 因⋯⋯獲得讚揚
29. execute (v.) 處決
30. worthy of sth 適合某物或具有某物的特徵
31. fragile 脆弱
最近,自由國度的領袖,我們的川普總統,和我以前的神會面。他認定,人權沒那麼重要,不需排進議程中,所以對此他隻字不提。這嚇壞我了。我們竟身在一個獨裁者處決伯父還能獲得讚揚的世界裡,他殺害同父異母的哥哥、殺害成千上萬的北韓人民,竟還能得到讚揚。這不禁使我開始思考,也許我們現在都要學習自由的新涵義。自由很脆弱。我不想嚇你,但事實如此。短短三個世代,就讓北韓淪為喬治.歐威爾筆下的《1984》。只花了三個世代。如果我們不為人權而戰,不為受壓迫、不為無法發聲的人而戰,當身為自由人的我們不自由時,誰還願意為我們而戰?機器嗎?動物嗎?我不知道。
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I think it's wonderful that we care about climate change, animal rights, gender equality, all of these things. The fact that we care about animals' rights, that means that's how beautiful our heart is, that we care about someone who cannot speak for themselves. And North Koreans right now cannot speak for themselves. They don't have internet in the 21st century. We don't have electricity, and it is the darkest place on earth right now. Now I want to say something to my fellow North Koreans who are living in that darkness. They might not believe this, but I want to tell them that an alternative life is possible. Be free.
32. speak for oneself 為某人發聲
33. alternative life 另一種生活
我覺得我們能關心氣候變遷、動物權益、性別平等諸如此類之事,真的很美好。因為,我們關心動物權益,就代表了我們的心地有多善良,也代表我們關心無法為自己發聲的對象。北韓人民現在無法為自己發聲。身處21世紀的他們,沒有網路可用。我們沒有電,那裡是當今地球上最暗的地方。現在我想告訴那些生活在北韓黑暗中的同胞。也許他們不會相信我,但我想告訴他們,生命仍有其他可能——意即自由的生活。
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From my experience, literally anything is possible. I was bought, I was sold as a slave. But now I'm here, and that is why I believe in miracles. The one thing that I learned from history is that nothing is forever in this world. And that is why we have every reason to be hopeful. Thank you.
34. slave 奴隸
35. miracle 奇蹟
就我的經驗,真的什麼事都有可能發生。我被人買走,賣給別人當奴隸。但我現在在這裡,這也就是為什麼我相信奇蹟。我從歷史上學到的一件事,就是世上沒有什麼是永恆的。而這也是我們無論如何都能懷有希望的原因。謝謝大家。
資訊出處:https://bit.ly/32p5HiK
圖片出處:https://bit.ly/32n2zEe
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如何增進同理心:https://bit.ly/34qSKnC
#ChangingPerspectives
#翻轉視界
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翻轉視界系列文章: https://bit.ly/3fPvKUs
critical thinking例子 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[教育時評]什麼是批判性思考?
Surely we have all heard business executives, policy makers, civic leaders, and educators talking about the term “critical thinking.” But what exactly is it? Why is it considered so useful and important?
我們一定都聽過企業領導者、政策制定者、公民領袖以及教育工作者談論批判性思考。 但這到底是什麼?為何它被認為有效且重要呢?
To a certain extent we all know what “critical thinking” means — it means high-quality thinking. Some might say that is the opposite of illogical or irrational thinking, but this definition still seems vague. Is critical thinking the same as analytical thinking? What about creative thinking?
在某種程度上,我們都知道「批判性思考」的意思——意即優質的思考。也許有些人會說此異於不合邏輯或非理性的思考。但這樣的定義似乎還是很模糊。批判性思考是否與分析性思考一樣?那創造性思考呢?
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Let’s explore the concept further through examples, and use our critical thinking skills together. To come up with a more concrete definition, let us answer the following questions:
讓我們從幾個面向進一步探討這個問題,並一起運用批判性思考。為了提出更具體的定義,就讓我們回答下列問題:
1. What would happen if we did not have critical thinking?
若我們不具備批判性思考會有什麼影響?
2. When do we use critical thinking?
我們何時該使用批判性思考?
3. Can you think of examples of critical thinking?
你能想到有關批判性思考的例子嗎?
4. How do we assess critical thinking?
我們該如何評價批判性思考?
5. Does critical thinking involve working with other people? Why or why not?
批判性思考是否需要與他人合作?為什麼?
By answering these questions, our definition of critical should be becoming more tangible.
藉由回答這些問題,我們對批判的定義應會變得更加明確。
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From experience, most now know that critical thinking is thinking that has a purpose (proving a point, interpreting what something means, solving a problem), and critical thinking can be a collaborative process. Without it, we wouldn't be able to solve complex problems without definite answers in and outside the classroom.
We are bombarded with information and problems on a daily basis in our society today. We need critical thinking to help us process information and solve these problems.
從經驗中,多數人現在知道批判性思考是帶有「目的」的思考(證明觀點、解決問題、詮釋某一事物的意涵),而批判性思考可以是一個協作的過程。沒有它,我們將會遭遇極大的麻煩,因為無論是在課內或課外,當我們在解決複雜的問題時必會遇到困難。在當今的社會中,我們每天都會遭受各種資訊與問題的轟炸。我們需要批判性思考來幫助我們處理資訊並解決這些問題。
If you would like to know the skills involved in critical thinking and listen to a podcast on the topic, leave “What are critical thinking skills?” in the comments. I will post another article on the topic next week if there's enough interest.
若同學想更深入了解批判性思考到底涵蓋了哪些技能,並收聽相關的podcast,歡迎在留言區回覆「What are critical thinking skills?」。若有相當數量的人感興趣,我將於下星期分享第二篇文章~
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參考文獻:
Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23.
McPeck, J. E. (2016). Critical thinking and education. Routledge.
圖片出處:Me thinking about dinner.
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critical thinking例子 在 What is Critical Thinking?(甚麼是批判性思考?) - YouTube 的推薦與評價
獨立的批判性思考,翻轉自己的判斷! #問出對的問題#跳脫思考框架原影片:https://youtu.be/HnJ1bqXUnIM. ... <看更多>